After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. Define microbiology.
2. Define microbe.
3. Describe the roles of microorganisms.

• Essential roles (necessary for life to exist on earth)
• Beneficial roles
• Harmful roles

1. Briefly describe the contributions of

    Leeuwenhoek

    Hooke

    Schleiden and Schwann

    Redi

    Needham

    Spallanzani

    Virchow

    Pasteur

    Koch

    Semmelweiss

    Lister

    Ehrlich

    Jenner

    Fleming

    Linnaeus

2. Define fermentation.
3. Define and compare biogenesis and spontaneous generation.
4. Explain the purpose of Koch’s postulates.
5. Define:

    Germ theory

    Vaccination

    Chemotherapy

6. List the three domains and the kinds of organisms in each.
7. Correctly write the scientific names of microorganisms.
8. List the six kinds of microorganisms and the domain to which they belong.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. Define:

    Chemistry

    Matter

    Energy

2. Describe the basic structure of an atom.
3. Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom and the number of electrons in the energy levels from the atomic weight and atomic number of a given element.
4. List and describe the types of chemical bonds. Give examples of each.
5. Calculate the molecular weight of a given compound.
6. Understand the pH scale and be able to interpret a pH value.
7. List and describe the four types of chemical reactions and give specific examples of each type.
8. Describe how reactions occur according to the collision theory.
9. Define enzyme and specifically describe what an enzyme does.
10. List the four biologically important classes of organic molecules and describe the kinds of compounds included in each.
11. Identify the most important energy storage compound (ATP) in a cell and describe its structure.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. List and describe the kinds of microscopes used in microbiology
2. List and describe the following techniques:

    smear preparation

    aseptic transfer

3. List the different kinds of staining procedures and give specific examples of each.
4. Give the gram stain procedure in the correct order and explain the function of each step.
5. Know the function of the reagents in the Gram stain procedure.
6. Interpret a gram stain.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. List the characteristics of procaryotic cells
2. Describe the different morphological forms and arrangements of procaryotic cells and give specific examples of each.
3. Describe the structure of a procaryotic cell and give the specific function of each of the major structures.
4. Define glycocalyx and list its functions.
5. List the kinds of procaryotic cells that do not have cell walls under both normal and abnormal conditions.
6. Describe the structure of the bacterial cell wall. Differentiate between gram-negative and gram-positive cell walls. List the substances that compose the cell wall.
7. Give specific examples of organisms that have:

    Gram-positive cell walls

    Gram-negative cell walls

    No cell wall

8. Describe the following in regard to cell walls:

    Mycoplasmas

    L-forms

    Protophasts

    Speroplast

9. Describe the plasma membrane.
10. Define:

     Osmosis

     Osmotic pressure

11. Describe will occur when a cell is place in a (an):

     Hypertonic solution

     Hypotonic solution

     Isotonic solution

12. Describe the processes by which substances are transported across cell membranes by:

     Passive transport mechanisms

     Active transport mechanisms

13. Give the function of endospores (bacterial spores) and list the genera in which endospores are generally found.
14. List the organelles in eucaryotic cells that resemble a procaryotic cell. Explain why this it true.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. Define

    Metabolism

    Anabolism

    Catabolism

2. Define enzyme and describe how enzymes function.
3. List the components of an enzyme system and define each.
4. List and define the factors influencing enzymatic activity.
5. Define enzyme inhibition.
6. Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
7. Describe how enzymes are controlled by inhibition.
8. Define and describe oxidation-reduction reactions.
9. Describe the four ways that ATP can be produced in a cell. Explain how ATP is generated in these processes:

• Substrate-level phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Photophosphorylation
• Chemosmosis

1. Define biochemical pathway.
2. Define each of the following and describe what occurs in each:

 Glycolysis

 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

 Kreb’s citric acid cycle

 Electron transport chain

12. List or describe the amount of ATP produced directly, if any, in the following processes. Indicate which process produces the most.

• Substrate-level phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Photophosphorylation
• Chemosmosis

 Glycolysis

 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

 Kreb’s citric acid cycle

 Electron transport chain

• Calvin-Benson cycle

12. List the processes that are required for the complete catabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide.
13. Define beta oxidation and explain what it is used to do.
14. Define cell respiration and describe where it occurs in the eucaryotic cell and the procaryotic cell.
15. Differentiate between aerobic and anerobic respiration on the basis of final electron acceptors.
16. Define fermentation.
17. Describe precisely where ATP is made.
18. Describe how a strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy.
19. Explain why 38 ATPs can be produced from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose in a procaryotic cell whereas only 36 ATPs are produced from the same process in a eucaryotic cell.
20. Explain how lipid catabolism and protein catabolism can be integrated with carbohydrate metabolism.
21. Define photosynthesis.
22. Differentiate among the following:

     Cyclic photophosphorlyation

     Non-cyclic photophosphorlyation

     Calvin-Benson cycle

23. Describe how the following compounds can be produced through anabolic reactions:

     polysaccharides

     lipids

     amino acids and proteins

     nucleic acids

24. List the four nutritional types of microorganisms and give the energy and carbon sources for each.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. List and describe the chemical and physical conditions necessary for bacterial growth .
2. Classify bacteria on the basis of temperature preference and tolerance.
3. Describe the effect of temperature on bacteria.
4. Classify bacteria on the basis of oxygen utilization and tolerance.
5. Describe the roles of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in oxygen utilization and/or tolerance.
6. Identify the kinds of bacteria that have the following enzymes:

    Superoxide dismutase

    Catalase

    Peroxidase

7. Explain how bacterial growth requirements are provided in laboratory cultures.
8. List the basic types of media used in the bacteriological laboratory.
9. Describe the use of the following equipment in the bacteriological laboratory:

• Anaerobe jar
• Anaerobe chamber
• Candle jar
• Carbon dioxide incubators

10. Distinguish between chemically defined media and complex media.
11. Define, describe and give examples of the following kinds of media:

• Reducing media
• Selective media
• Differential media
• Enrichment media

10. Distinguish between selective and differential media.
11. Define "pure culture" and explain its significance.
12. Define "colony".
13. Describe the streak plate method for the isolation of bacteria.
14. Describe how bacteria can be preserved for extended periods of time.
15. Explain why salts and sugars can be used to preserve food.
16. Explain generation time.
17. Describe logarithmic growth.
18. Draw and describe the bacterial growth curve identifying the events occurring in each section.
19. Identify the point (s) on the growth curve where bacteria are most susceptible to control mechanisms.
20. List and describe the methods for the measurement of bacterial growth generally used in the laboratory.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. List the conditions that influence microbial control and explain why each has the effect that its does.
2. Explain how damage to a bacterial cell can result in death of that cell.
3. Describe the general action of microbial agents.
4. List and describe the physical methods of microbial control and give their applications.
5. Describe how to kill endospores.
6. Describe how to sterilize heat labile solutions.
7. Give the uses of the following methods of sterilization and/or disinfection:

• Dry heat
• Autoclave
• Membrane filtration
• Pasteurization
• Hot-air oven
• Incineration
• Direct flaming

1. Differentiate between antiseptics and disinfectants.
2. List the general principles for choice of an antiseptic and/or a disinfectant.
3. List and describe the chemical methods of microbial control (antiseptics/disinfectants) and give their applications.
4. List the chemicals studied in class which are used in surgical hand scrubs.
5. Identify the concentration of ethyl alcohol that is the most effective against bacteria.
6. Explain why chlorine is antimicrobial.
7. List the disinfectants that act by denaturing proteins.
8. List the chemicals that are used to control microbial growth in foods.
9. List the heavy metals used in microbial control.
10. List the disinfectant (s) that are use as a gas.
11. Describe how antiseptics and disinfectants can be evaluated.
12. Define phenol coefficient and use dilution and understand how to interpret data from both kinds of tests.
13. Describe in detail the filter paper method of antiseptic/disinfectant evaluation.
14. Explain how different methods of microbial control may be used together to increase effectiveness.

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1. Define genetics.
2. Define a gene and explain how it codes for a protein.
3. Define:

    Genotype

    Phenotype

4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.
5. Define:

    Sense strand of DNA

    Antisense strand of DNA

    DNA directed DNA polymerase

6. Describe DNA replication in detail.
7. Define:

• DNA directed RNA polymerase
• mRNA
• rRNA
• tRNA

1. Describe the transcription of DNA to RNA.
2. Describe the translation of RNA into protein.
3. Define:

    Genetic code

    Codon

    Sense codon

    Nonsense codon

    Anticodon

4. Given the codon (mRNA) for specific amino acids determine:

    The order of bases in the sense strand of DNA.

    The order of bases in the antisense strand of DNA.

    The anticodon for each specific amino acid.

5. Explain what is meant by inducible and repressible enzymes.
6. Describe the lac operon and tryptophan operon models and explain how they control the production of proteins.
7. Define mutation, list the different types and explain how they affect cell function.
8. Given the codons (mRNA) for specific amino acids and the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA determine the effect of a:

    Substitution type mutation

    Frame shift mutation (addition or deletion)

9. Describe the possible causes of mutations.
10. Define and describe the following:

     Genetic recombination

     Crossing-over

     Transformation

     Conjugation

     Transduction

11. Define "plasmid" and explain the importance of plasmids.

1. Define:

 Recombinant DNA

 cDNA

 Genetic engineering

 Vector

 Protoplast fusion

• Synthetic DNA

1. Define restriction enzymes and describe how they are used in the production or recombinant DNA.
2. Describe what the function of:

• DNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase
• reverse transcriptase

1. Describe how recombinant DNA can be made.
2. Describe the use of each of the following genetic engineering tools:

• Transformation
• Selection
• Mutatin
• Restriction enzymes
• Vectors PCR

1. Outline the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and describe its use.
2. Describe how foreign DNA can be inserted into cells.
3. List the main sources of genes used in genetic engineering.
4. Describe how a gene library is made.
5. Explain how a clone can be selected.
6. Define DNA probes, and describe how they are used.
7. Outline the Southern blott procedure and describe its use.
8. Explain how a bacterial cell can be caused to produce substance like human growth hormone and insulin.
9. List the applications of genetic engineering in the following categories:

• Therapeutic
• Scientific
• Agricultural

1. Explain why organisms are arranged in taxonomic groups.
2. List the characteristics of the three domains and describe the kind of organisms that are found in each.
3. Define binomial nomenclature and give a microbial example.
4. Give the order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific.
5. Define genus.
6. Define species and explain how the bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms.
7. Define strain.
8. List the four eukaryotic kingdoms and the characteristics of each.
9. List the criteria used to classify microorganisms into the various taxonomic groups.
10. Describe the kind of information is provided by:

 Morphological studies

• Differential staining procedures

 Biochemical reactions

 Serology

 Phage typing

• Fatty acid profiles
• Flow cytometry
• DNA base composition
• DNA fingerprinting
• Ribosomal RNA sequencing
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Nucleic acid hybridization

1. List in order the procedures used to identify bacteria in the laboratory.
2. Give the function of biochemical tests.
3. Give the basis of

• Serological testing
• Phage typing.

• Nucleic acid hybridization

1. List the genera that are found in the following groups:

• Gram-negative anaerobic rods
• Intracellular parasites
• Bacteria that lack cell walls
• Bacteria that are acid fast
• Gram-negative aerobic rods
• Gram-negative aerobic cocci
• Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
• Enteric bacteria
• Gram-positive cocci
• Gram-positive endospore-forming rods
• Gram-positive non-endospore-forming rods

2. Differentiate between rickettsia and chlamydia.
3. Differentiate between spirochetes and sprilla
4. Describe the methods used to identify Hemophilus.
5. Explain how to differentiate between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in the laboratory.

1. List the kinds of organisms included in the Kingdom Fungi.
2. Explain why fungi are often responsible for the decomposition of plant material.
3. Describe reproduction in fungi.
4. Describe the properties of media that are used to culture fungi; give one example.
5. Explain how bacterial growth can be inhibited in fungal media.
6. List the characteristics of the four medically important groups of fungi.
7. Give the characteristics of algae and their beneficial functions.
8. List the characteristics of algae and their beneficial functions.
9. List the characteristics of protozoans.
10. Differentiate the cellular organization among the following groups:

     Bacteria

     Fungi

     Algae

     Protozoans

     Helminths

11. List the important pathogenic protozoa and give the disease that they cause.
12. Give the diseases , if any, for which the following are etiologic agents:

     Paramecium

     Amoeba

     Plasmodium

     Entamoeba

     Trypanosoma

13. Give the etiology of amoebic dysentery.
14. List the characteristics of helminths.
15. Describe the transmission of helminthic diseases to humans.
16. Explain how the following gain entry to the human body:

 Tapeworm

 Pinworm

 Hookworm

 Lung fluke

1. Differentiate between definitive host and intermediate host.
2. List the stages in the life cycle of a tapeworm.
3. Explain how tapeworms obtain their nutrition.
4. Describe a typical trematode life cycle.
5. Explain how the life cycle of a tapeworm can be altered in order to prevent infection and disease.
6. Explain how the following arthropods transmit diseases:

• Housefly
• Lice
• Fleas
• Mosquito
• Kissing bug

1. Define "virus" and describe the composition of a virus.
2. Describe the host range of viruses.
3. Describe how specific animal viruses are in their ability to infect cells.
4. Describe where viruses multiply and explain why.
5. Describe the outer protective coat of a virus.
6. Differentiate between "naked" and enveloped viruses.
7. Describe what occurs in viral replication in the proper sequence of events.
8. Describe the function of spikes that are found on some viruses.
9. Identify the event in which an enveloped virus acquires its envelope.
10. Describe how and where viral proteins are made.
11. Describe how the following types of viruses are released from their host cell.

     "Naked" viruses

     Enveloped viruses

12. Explain how viruses (bacteriophages, plant viruses and animal viruses) are cultured in the laboratory.
13. Give the significance of bacteriophages
14. Give the importance of reverse transcriptase and describe what occurs in the biosynthesis of a virus with reverse transcriptase.
15. List the major groups of viruses that cause human disease and the diseases caused by specific viruses.
16. Define lysogeny and give an example.
17. Differentiate between continuous cell lines and primary cell lines.
18. Define the following:

     Phage

     Plaque

     Cell lysis

19. List the DNA virus or viruses are closely linked with cancer.
20. Describe how oncogenes can be activated by viruses.
21. Differentiate between "latent viral infection" and "persistent viral infection" and give examples of each.
22. Define and differentiate between "viriod" and "prion".
23. List the viruses that cause the common cold.
24. Describe the importance of the Epstein-Barr virus.
25. Describe what diseases are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
26. List the groups of viruses that are oncogenic.

After studying the material in this TOPIC the student should be able to:

1. Define the following:

    Pathology

    Pathogenic

    Etiology

    Infection

    Disease

2. Define normal flora and describe its role.
3. Define symbiosis and list and differentiate among the three types.
4. Describe what Koch did and its significance.
5. Give Koch’s postulates and describe how they are applied.
6. Define the following terms:

    Signs

    Symptoms

    Sporadic

    Endemic

    Epidemic

    Pandemic

7. Define and differentiate between morbidity rate and mortality rate.
8. Define and differentiate between incidence and prevalence.
9. Define reservoir and give examples.
10. Explain how microbial diseases are transmitted.
11. Define the following terms:

     Droplet nuclei

     Fomites

     Vectors

12. Explain how to effectively control a vector-borne disease.
13. List the major portals of exit according to frequency.
14. Define a nosocomial infection.
15. Explain why nosocomial infections occur.

16. Describe the course of an infectious disease including the following periods:

• Prodromal period
• Incubation period
• Period of illness
• Period of decline
• Convalescence

1. Define "crisis"
2. Define epidemiology
3. Differentiate between descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology
4. Describe the following epidemiological approaches

    Cross-sectional

    Prospective

    Case-Control

5. Differentiate between observational and experimental approaches to scientific investigation.

1. Define virulence.
2. List the portals of entry and explain why certain ones are important.
3. List and describe the means by which bacteria evade the host defenses.
4. List the virulence factors of organisms and give their functions including:
5. Specific enzymes produced by bacteria.

• Capsules
• Describe what an invasive enzyme does and give examples.

1. Describe how bacteria damage host cells.
2. Define:

    Toxin

    Toxigenicity

    Toxemia

3. Define and give the characteristics and effects of

• Endotoxins
• Exotoxins

1. List specific examples of organisms that produce exotoxins.
2. List specific examples of organisms that contain endotoxins.
3. Describe cytopathic effect (CPE) and explain why it occurs in viral infected cells.
4. Explain how fungi cause damage to host cells.
5. Explain how protozoans and helminths cause damage to host cells.

1. Define the following terms:

 Susceptibility

 Resistance

 Nonspecific resistance

 Specific resistance

 #9; Immunity

2. List and describe the mechanical and chemical factors that are involved in preventing the invasion of microorganisms through the skin and mucous membranes.

3. Define phagocytosis.

4. Define macrophage and list the kinds of cells that become macrophages.

5. Describe the process of phagocytosis.

6. Define

 Chemotaxis

 Adherence

 Opsonization

7. Give the order of migration of phagocytic cells in the inflammation process.

8. Define inflammation, give its functions and cardinal signs.

9. Define vasodilatation and describe its effects.

10. Define increased permeability and describe its effects.

11. Give the causes of vasodilatation and increased permeability.

12. Define the following terms:

 Margination

 Diapedesis

 Stroma

 Parenchyma

13. Define fever.

14. Describe the induction of fever.

15. Define crisis.

16. Define

 Complement

 Properdin

17. Differentiate between the classical and alternative pathways.
18. List the outcomes of complement fixation.
19. Identify interferon and explain what it does.

1. Define:

    Antigen

    Antibody

    Hapten

    Multivalent

    Monoclonal antibodies

    APC

    Interleukin 1

    Interleukin 2

    Clonal selection

    Antibody titer

    Primary response

    Anamnestic response

2. Define innate resistance (native immunity).
3. List, describe and give examples of each of the different types of acquired immunity.
4. Differentiate between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
5. Describe the structure of an antibody and give the function of specific regions.
6. List the different classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies), where they are produced, and their functions.
7. Describe how a baby is protected by maternal antibodies and how long this protection lasts.
8. Describe humoral immunity and give the functions of the cells involved.
9. Give the order of antibody production when exposed to an antigen.
10. Describe cell-mediated immunity and give the functions of the cells involved.
11. Give the location where T-lymphocytes mature.

1. Define vaccine.

2. List and describe the major types of vaccines.

3. List the vaccines of major importance and identify the type of each.

4. Describe how organisms are inactivated for use in vaccines.

5. Differentiate between the Salk and Sabine vaccines. Describe how each is administered and give the advantages and disadvantages of each.

6. Identify this disease the disease has been eradicated eliminating our need for vaccination.
7. Identify the bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) and explain its use in a vaccine.

8. There are a number of different routes used in administering vaccines. Intranasal administration of vaccines is used in some cases. Describe the kinds of diseases where this kind of administration would be advantageous.

9. List and describe the causes of the most likely problems in the administration of vaccines.

10. Define the following:

 Antitoxins

 Toxoids

 Antisera

 Endotoxins

11. Define serology.

12. Describe the following kinds of serological reactions and give examples of each:

• Precipitation reaction
• Agglutination reaction
• Complement fixation
• Neutralization reaction
• Immunofluorescence

13. Define immune serum.

1. List the three major types of immuniological disorders.
2. Define hypersensitivity and describe how it is produced.
3. List the four types of hypersentativities and examples of each.
4. Describe the desensitization process.
5. Define:

• Autoimmunity

• Immunodeficiency

1. List the four types of autoimmune diseases and examples of each.

5. Identify the antigens that should be matched to prevent transplant rejection.
6. Define:

• Major histocompatibility complex
• Privileged site
• Autograft
• Isograft
• Allograft
• Xenograft

5. Describe what is done immunologically in order that organ transplants are made possible.
6. List the two types of immune deficiency diseases and examples of each.
7. Describe the immune responses to cancer.
8. Describe how cancer cells evade immune responses.
9. Define immunotherapy and explain how it is used.
10. Explain how HIV attaches to a host cell.
11. List two ways in which HIV avoids the host’s antibodies.
12. List the stages of HIV infection.
13. Describe how HIV infection effects the immune system.
14. Describe how HIV is:

• Diagnosed
• Transmitted
• Prevented
• Treated

1. Give the first antibiotic discovered and identify the discoverer.
2. List the criteria for antibiotic agents.
3. Types of antimicrobial agents

• Natural
• Synthetic
• Semisynthetic

1. Describe the kinds of microbes that antimicrobial agents are most effective in controlling.
2. List the major antimicrobial drugs. Describe their spectra, side effects (give specifics), lack of side effects, and modes of action.
3. Differentiate between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.
4. Describe the mode of action of the major antibiotics especially penicillin.
5. List the antibiotic that can be used in place of penicillin because of its similar mode of action
6. Give the uses of the major antibiotics
7. Identify the antibiotics with:

• Broad spectra
• Significant side effects and these effects
• Few side effects

1. Give definitions of the following terms.

    Synthetic drugs

    Semisynthetic drugs

    Antibiotics

    Selective toxicity

    Superinfection

    Bactericidal

    Bacteriostatic

    Antimycotic

2. List the antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis.
3. Describe what constitutes misuse of an antibiotic.
4. List the major antimicrobial agents used against fungal infections (antimycotic drugs) and describe their uses and mode of action.
5. List the major antiviral agents used against viral diseases and describe their uses and mode of action.
6. List the major antiprotozoan drugs and describe their uses and mode of action.
7. List the major antihelminth drugs and describe their uses and mode of action.
8. Describe the causes of antimicrobial drug resistance.

19. Describe the Kirby-Bauer method of antibiotic sensitivity testing. Explain how the results are interpreted.

After studying the material in this topic the student should be able to:

1. List the normal flora of the skin.

2. List the skin diseases caused by

 Staphylococcus aureus

 Streptococcus

3. Give the etiological agent for the following diseases:

 Acne

 Warts

 Chickenpox

 Shingles

 Measles

 German measles

 Contagious conjunctivitis

 Inclusion Conjunctivitis

 Trachoma

4. Give the major diagnostic features of the following:

 Impetigo

 Smallpox

 Chickenpox

 Shingles

 Cold sores

 Measles

 Rubella

5. Give the major routes of transmission of the following:

 Impetigo

 Warts

 Smallpox

 Chickenpox

 Shingles

 Cold sores

 Measles

 Rubella

 Contagious conjunctivitis

 Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia

 Inclusion conjunctivitis

 Trachoma

 Explain the importance of the rubella and trachoma.

6. Give the appropriate treatment of preventive measure for the following:

 Streptococcal diseases

 Pseudomonad infections

 Acne

 Warts

 Chickenpox/Shingles

 Cold sores

 Measles

 Rubella

 Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia

7. List the causative agents of conjunctivitis.

1. Describe how microorganisms get into the central nervous system.

2. List the prodromal and later symptoms of meningitis.

3. List the bacteria that can cause meningitis. Include specific features such as signs, prevalence in specific groups and treatment.

4. Explain the importance of the blood-brain barrier in relation to treatment of encephalitis and/or meningitis.

5. Describe the transmission, pathology and treatment of tetanus.

6. Describe the transmission, pathology and treatment of leprosy.

7. Describe the American strategy for dealing with polio.

8. Compare and contrast the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines.

9. Describe the transmission, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of rabies.

10. Describe the incidence and prevention of arthropod-borne encephalitis.

11. Describe briefly the etiology and transmission of

 Cryptococcosis

 African trypanosomiasis

 Naegleria microencephalitis

12. Define the term" slow viral disease." List the five known slow viral diseases.

1. Give the characteristics of septicemia including symptoms, causes, and manifestations.

2. Give the reasons for the low incidence of puerperal sepsis in the American population.

3. Give the etiology of the following diseases:

 Subacute bacterial endocarditis

 Acute bacterial endocarditis

 Pericarditis

 Rheumatic fever

 Puerperal sepsis

 Myocarditis

4. Give the characteristics of tularemia including symptoms, cause, and mode of transmission.

5. Explain why penicillin may be given to patients with rheumatic fever.

6. Give the etiology and mode of transmission of the following diseases:

 Brucellosis

 Anthrax

 Gangrene

 Gas gangrene

7. List the predisposing factors for Clostridium perfringens infections.

8. List the bacteria that may be transmitted by a dog or cat bite.

9. List the symptoms and means of transmission of plague.

10. Give the etiology of the following diseases:

 Plague

 Relapsing fever

 Lyme disease

 Typus

 Spotted fever

11. Give the cause of infectious mononucleosis and describe how it can be diagnosed by laboratory procedures.

12. Describe toxoplasmosis. Include cause, reservoir, mode of transmission and type of illness produced.

13. Describe the symptomatology, pathology, transmission and etiology of malaria. Explain how it is diagnosed.

14. List the diseases for which arthropods are reservoirs.

15. Describe the best method of control for vector-borne diseases.

16. List the zoonotic (transmitted to humans from animals) diseases studied.

1. Describe the normal flora of the respiratory system.

2. Give the etiology and major characteristics and mode of transmission for the following diseases:

 Scarlet fever

 Diphtheria

 Otitis media

 Common cold

 Whooping cough

 Tuberculosis

 Legionellosis

 Psittacosis

3. Give the reservoirs for the following diseases:

 Tuberculosis

 Histoplasmosis

 Psittacosis

 Influenza

 Q fever

4. Give the virulence factors for the following diseases:

 Diphtheria

 Scarlet fever

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

 Klebsiella pneumonia

 Whooping cough

5. List the diseases studied that may have a carrier state.

6. Explain why epidemics of influenza recur.

7. List the bacteria that cause pneumonia and give the important features of each.

8. Describe the following organisms:

 Cornynbacterium

 Mycobacterium

 Mycoplasma

 Bordetella

 Klebsiella

9. List the types of vaccines associated with the following diseases:

 Tuberculosis

 Whooping cough

 Diphtheria

 Influenza

10. Describe the diseases caused by the following organisms:

 Blastomyces

 Coccidioides

 Mycoplasma

 Streptococcus

1. Describe the pathology of dental caries.

2. Give the characteristics, etiology, mode of transmission, prevention and treatment for the following diseases:

 Staphylococcal food poisoning

 Salmonellosis

 Typhoid fever

 Bacillary dysentery

 Cholera

 Traveler’s diarrhea

3. Explain how bacillary dysentery differs from other forms of dysentery. Include etiology, pathology, and treatment.

4. List the diseases of the digestive system that result in carrier states.

5. List the diseases of the digestive system that are caused by the production of exotoxins.

6. Explain how typhoid fever differs from other forms of salmonellosis.

7. Give the etiology, transmission, treatment, if any, and prevention of the following:

 Mumps

 Hepatitis A

 Hepatitis B

 Hepatitis C

• Hepatitis E

 Viral gastroenteritis

 Amebic dysentery

8. List the diseases that can be transmitted across the placenta.

9. List the diseases that can be transmitted via:

 Poultry products

 Pork

 Beef

 Shrimp and/or crab

 Oysters

 Custard pies

1. Describe the occurrence of nosocomial diseases. Explain why they often involve the urinary tract.

2. Describe the prevention of nosocomial diseases.

3. Describe the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections.

4. Give the most common etiology for:

 Cystitis

 Pyelonephritis

 Glomerulonephritis

 Nosocomial urinary tract infections

5. Explain the pathology of glomerulonephritis.

6. Describe the prevalence, etiology, treatment and complications of gonorrhea.

7. Give the etiology, transmission, treatment, if any, and prevention of the following.

 Syphilis

 Genital herpes

 Nongonococcal urethritis

8. List the causes of nongonoccoccal urethritis.

9. List the STDs that can cause congenital infections.

10. List the major problems in the treatment of STDs giving specific examples.