TISSUESANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
BIO 210 LAB
OBJECTIVES
from
Porter/Borg A&P Guide
Fourth Edition
Students are responsible for all objectives for each lab quiz. The optional final quiz may be taken to replace a missed quiz or to replace one low grade if all quizzes are taken. Objectives for the final quiz are the combined objectives for each of the five regular quizzes.
Objectives for Lab Quiz #1
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY, CHEMISTRY & CELL
The student will identify locations as given on lab models (Tortora text pg 14):
· Directional Terminology
· Superior
· Inferior
· Anterior (ventral)
· Posterior (dorsal)
· Lateral
· Medial
· Superficial
· Deep
· Proximal
· Distal
· Parietal & Visceral membranes
· Pericardium
· Pleura
· Peritoneum
The student will locate the following body regions on models:
· Body Regions
(Atlas pg 2 and Tortora text pg 14):
· Cervical region
· Thoracic region (thorax)
· Axillary region (axilla)
· Brachial region (brachium)
· Antecubital region (cubital fossa)
· Antebrachial region (antebrachium)
· Palmar region
· Pubic region
· Lumbar region
· Gluteal region
· Popliteal region (popliteal fossa)
· Plantar region
Atlas (page 5)
· Facial region
· Cranial region
· Umbilical region (umbilicus)
· Inguinal region
· Patellar region
· Additional regions
· Sacral region
· Femoral region
· Calcaneal region
The student will identify planes as demonstrated on torso or organ models:
· Planes of reference
· Frontal
· Transverse
· Sagittal
Compare Midsagittal and Parasagittal
The student will identify cavities as given on models (Atlas pg 4) :
· Ventral Cavity (general)
· Thoracic cavity (specific)
· Mediastinum (most specific)
· Pleural cavity (most specific)
· Pericardial cavity (most specific)
· Abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity) (specific)
· Abdominal cavity (most specific)
· Pelvic cavity (most specific)
· Dorsal Cavity (general)
· Cranial cavity (specific)
· Vertebral cavity (specific)
The student will locate the diaphragm (a skeletal muscle).
The student will recognize and locate the following organs in the correct cavity as shown on models:
· Brain
· Spinal cord
· Liver
· Heart
· Lung
· Stomach
· Trachea
· Esophagus
· Pancreas
· Bladder
· Ovary
· Kidney (location is retroperitoneal)
· Spleen
The student will identify the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
· Quadrants
· Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
· 9 Regions
· Right and Left: hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac (inguinal)
· Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric
Chemistry
The student will locate elements on the periodic table and give the following:
· Atomic weight
· Atomic number
· Number of protons, neutrons, electrons
The student will give symbols for the following elements:
· Chlorine
· Iron
· Carbon
· Zinc
· Calcium
· Oxygen
· Potassium
· Sodium
· Nitrogen
· Hydrogen
The student will describe what happens to the light bulb using solutions that are:
· Strong acids or bases and weak acids or bases
· Neutral pH
· Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte
The student will define the following:
· The function of a buffer
· Acid
· Base
The student will measure pH with indicator paper and determine the pH of the solution.
The student will identify the following molecular models:
· DNA
· Water
· Glucose
· Fatty acid
· Amino acid
The student will define:
· Cell
· Organelle
The student will identify the parts of a cell from models and give a general function as given in the atlas, pg 12, Table 2.1:
· Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
· Cytoplasm (the term cytosol is more specific and excludes any organelles)
· Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) RER & SER
· Ribosome
· Mitochondrion
· Golgi complex (apparatus)
· Lysosome
· Centrioles
· Nucleus & Nuclear membrane (envelope)
· Nucleolus
· Chromatin
The student will identify the stages of the cell cycle on the starfish mitosis slides and cell models (Be able to place all models in the correct order):
· Cytokinesis (also define)
v Interphase
v Mitosis (define and identify stages): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
The student will describe what happens to a cell placed in the following solutions:
· Hypotonic
· Hypertonic
· Isotonic
The student will know the parts of the microscope from the microscopes used in lab. The student will know the function and how to use each part:
· Ocular lenses (eyepiece)
· Body tube
· Arm
· Nosepiece
· Rotating nosepiece
· Objective lenses
· Stage
· Stage (slide) clips
· Mechanical stage
· Mechanical stage control
· Fine adjustment
· Coarse adjustment
· Base
· Power switch
· Light control
· Substage light
· Condenser
· Iris diaphragm lever
The student will identify why a given slide is not viewable.
The student will identify the proper way to store a microscope.
The student will define:
· Tissue – Identify the four categories
· Histology
The student will identify the tissues as given on the TISSUES list using the microscope and transparencies. (Atlas, Chpt 3, pg 19-28;Tortora text pg 121-127, 130-132)
The student will identify the following layers of the skin from the microscope and model: (Integumentary System, Atlas pg 29-32)
v Epidermis
v Dermis
v Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
The student will identify the following cell layers of the epidermis on the microscope and model:
v Stratum corneum
v Stratum lucidum
v Stratum granulosum
v Stratum spinosum
v Stratum basale
The student will identify the following structures from the microscope or model:
v Pacinian corpuscle (lamellated corpuscle)
· Meissner’s corpuscle
v Hair root and shaft and follicle
· Sebaceous gland
· Papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
· Arrector pili muscle
v Suderiferous gland- Eccrine & Apocrine
TISSUES
TISSUE: SLIDE or LOCATION: TISSUE: FEATURES:
Simple squamous lung Skeletal striations,multinucleated
Stratified squamous epidermis (skin) Cardiac striations, intercalated
Simple cuboidal kidney disc,branched, nucleus
Simple columnar digestive tract Smooth nonstriated, nucleus
Pseudostratified columnar trachea lining
Transitional bladder
CELL: LOCATION:
Neuron brain, spinal cord
Areolar loose
Adipose adipose
Reticular spleen, lymph node
Elastic aorta wall
Dense regular tendon
Dense irregular dermis (reticular region)
Hyaline
cartilage trachea
Elastic cartilage epiglottis, ear
Fibrocartilage intervertebral disc
Blood blood
Bone bone
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers (elastin)
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes & Osteocytes in lacunae
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
Cilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Intercalated disc
Objectives for Lab Quiz #3
BONES
AXIAL SKELETON
Surface features definitions in atlas, pg 50 & Skeletal System pg 33-57
Skull Thorax
BONES: FEATURES: BONES: FEATURES:
frontal supraorbital foramen (notch) sternum manubrium, body
temporal zygomatic process jugular notch
external acoustic (auditory) meatus xiphoid process
mastoid process ribs costal cartilage
styloid process true (1-7)
false (8-12)
parietal floating(11-12)
occipital occipital condyles
foramen magnum Vertebrae
sphenoid sella turcica
greater & lesser wings
ethmoid cribriform plate,crista galli cervical C1-C7
orbital plate atlas (C1)
perpendicular plate axis (C2)
middle nasal concha odontoid process (dens)
vomer thoracic T1-T12
zygomatic temporal process lumbar L1-L5
maxilla palatine process sacrum 5 fused
palatine coccyx 3 or more fused
lacrimal lacrimal fossa & foramen
nasal OTHER FEATURES of VERTEBRA:
mandible mandibular condyle & notch body
& angle; coronoid process vertebral foramen (canal)
mental foramen spinous process (bifid on cervical)
lamina
pedicle
ALSO: anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa
Hyoid bone superior articular process
intervertebral disc
inferior articular process
OTHER FEATURES:
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
inferior nasal concha FETAL SKULL:
zygomatic arch anterior fontanel
transverseprocess anteriolateral fontanel
optic foramen posterior fontanel
orbit posteriolateral fontanel
infraorbital foramen frontal bone
parietal bone
SUTURES: temporal bone
Squamosal (squamous) occipital bone
lambdoidal (lambdoid)
sagittal
coronal
BONES
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES: FEATURES: BONES: FEATURES:
Shoulder Hip
clavicle ilium sacroiliac joint
scapula glenoid fossa iliac crest
acromion anterior superior iliac spine
coracoid process anterior inferior iliac spine
spine of scapula
superior & inferior angle ischium ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic notch
Arm & Hand pubis symphysis pubis
humerus head (pubic symphysis)
deltoid tuberosity OTHER FEATURES:
greater tubercle os coxae (coxal bone)
lesser tubercle acetabulum
capitulum (articulates with radius) obturator foramen
trochlea (articulates with ulna) sacroiliac joint
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa
medial & lateral epicondyles Leg & Foot
radius head
radial tuberosity femur head
styloid process neck
ulna olecranon process fovea capitis femoris
trochlear notch greater trochanter
coronoid process lesser trochanter
styloid process linea aspera
carpals 8 bones of wrist medial & lateral condyles
hamate ` patella base & apex
capitate tibia tibial tuberosity
trapezoid intercondylar tubercles trapezium anterior crest
triquetrum medial malle
pisiform (some consider fused with fibula anterior crest
triquetrum for 7 carpals) lateral malleolus
lunate
scaphoid tarsals 7 bones
metacarpals I-V calcaneous
phalanges proximal phalanx talus
middle phalanx cuboid
distal phalanx medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
navicular
metatarsals I-V
phalanges proximal, middle, distal
Objectives for Lab Quiz # 4 ARTICULATIONS & BODY MOVEMENTS
The student will identify body movements ( in atlas, pg 58-67):
· Flexion
· Extension
· Hyperextension
· Dorsiflexion
· Plantar flexion
· Abduction
· Adduction
· Inversion
· Eversion
· Rotation
· Circumduction
· Pronation
· Supination
The student will identify the following articulations:
· Suture
· Frontal
· Sagittal
· Lambdoidal (lambdoid)
· Squamosal (squamous)
· Symphyses
· Symphysis pubis (pubic symphysis)
· Sacroiliac joint
· Intervertebral joints
· Synovial
· Hinge
· Tibiofemoral (Knee)
· Medial and lateral condyles of femur
· Anterior cruciate ligament
· Humeroulnar (Elbow)
· Olecranon of ulnar and troclear of humerus
· Ball-and-socket
· Coxal Joint (hip)
· Acetabulum of os coxae & head of femur
· Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
· Glenoid fossa of scapula and head of humerus
MUSCLES
Use models to identify muscles (Tortora Text, pg 314-375 and atlas, pg 68-85)
Head & Neck Buttocks & Leg
Frontalis Gluteus maximus
Occipitalis Gluteus medius
Temporalis Tensor fasciae latae
Masseter Sartorius
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris
Zygomaticus Vastus medialis
Sternocleiodomastoid Vastus lateralis
Hamstrings Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Trunk Gracilis
External intercostals Pectineus
Internal intercostals Adductor longus
Diaphragm Tibialis anterior
External obliques Extensor digitorum longus
Internal obliques Gastrocnemius
Transversus abdominis Soleus
Rectus abdominis Peroneus longus
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi Tendons
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major calcaneal (or Achilles) tendon
Pectoralis minor aponeurosis of external oblique muscles
iliotibial tract
Shoulder, Arm & Hand
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres major and minor Muscles on the Cat
Biceps brachii Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii External oblique
Brachialis Internal oblique
Brachioradialis Transversus abdominis
Pronator teres Vastus lateralis
Flexor carpi radialis Vastus medialis
Palmaris longus Biceps femoris
Flexor carpi ulnaris Gastrocnemius
Extensor carpi radialis Soleus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Atlas, pg 86-93; Tortora text, pg. 389
Neuron: Identify on the model
Cell body Dendrite Axon
Axon terminal Axon hillock Nucleus
Mitochondria Nissl Body Neurofibril
Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier
Supporting Cells: Know location & Functions
Table 12.1, pg 392-393, Tortora text
Satelite cells Astrocytes
Microglia Ependyma
Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells
Brain: Dissection and Model
PART: FEATURES:
Meninges Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
Olfactory bulbs
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland Infundibulum
Mammillary bodies
Ventricles lateral, third, fourth
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebrum sulcus (sulci)
Gyrus (gyri)
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissure
Cerebral lobes: frontal, parietal,
temporal, occipital
corpus callosum
septum pellucidum
fornix
cerebral cortex
Thalamus intermediate mass
Hypothalamus
Pineal body
Midbrain corpora quadrigemina
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum arbor vitae
Nerves (Tortora Text, pg 485-489)
Cranial nerves Names & Roman Numerals & Functions
Locate I & II on sheep brain; locate II, VIII, X on models
Locate 31 pair of spinal nerves on models (Identify as C1…L5, C0)
Locate sciatic, phrenic, brachial on models
Brain: Dissection and Models
Tortora text, pg 424
Gray matter: Anterior, posterior, lateral horns
Gray commissure
White matter: Funiculus (funiculi)
Central canal
Roots dorsal & ventral
Dorsal root ganglia
Spinal nerves
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Nerves on the Cat
Brachial plexus
Phrenic
Sciatic
Brachial
Vagus
Eye Dissection and Model
Atlas, Chpt 11, pg 97-98
Extrinsic muscles Conjunctiva Sclera Cornea
Choroid Ciliary body Iris Pupil
Lens Retina Optic disc Optic nerve
Aqueous humor Vitreous body
Anterior cavity Posterior cavity
Ear Model
Atlas, Chpt 11, pg 97-98
Outer ear Auricle (pinna)
External auditory (acoustic) meatus
Tympanic membrane
Middle Ear Ossicles: Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Inner Ear Auditory tube
Vestibule Oval & round window
Cochlea Organ of Corti
Semicircular canals
Endolymph & Perilymph (location)
Reflex, Vision, & Hearing Tests
Reflex Arc: receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector
The student will know how to perform and the response in the following muscle stretch reflexes and know which spinal nerves are being tested (not responsible for specific nerve #):
Biceps reflex Cervical 5,6
Supinator (brachioradialis)reflex Cervical 5,6
Triceps reflex Cervical 6,7,8
Knee (Patellar) reflex Lumbar 2,3,4
Ankle reflex Lumbar 5, Sacral 1,2
The student will know how to perform the following sensory tests and the appropriate responses:
Vibration
Temperature
Two- point discrimination
Red reflex
Corneal reflex
Pupillary reflex
Weber test
Rinne Test
Astigmatism
Color Blindness – Ishihara’s Color Plates
Snellen Chart – 20/20; 40/20; 20/40